Archives

Here are the archives of previous Flowers of the Month

contributed by Mary Prud'homme past LCGC president

	AGAPANTHUS - Lily-of-the-Nile Agapanthus are a genus of about 10 species, mostly evergreen, from southern Africa. They form bold clumps of large strap-shaped, usually arching, often deep green leaves. They bear umbels* of many tubular, bell-shaped blue or white flowers. They produce interesting seed pods. The name Agapanthus comes from the Greek agape which means love and anthos - a flower. Grow in full sun or as little as 3 hours of sun a day, in fertile, moist but well drained soil. They are a superb container plant and make very good cut flowers. * UMBEL: a flower cluster, rounded on top with all the individual flowers being borne on stalks that arise from the same point on the main stem.
	ANTIGONON leptopus – Coral Vine Antigonon leptopus is one of 3 species of tendril climbers from Mexico and Central America. It has several common names – Corallita, Confederation Vine and Mexican Creeper. It is a fast growing climber with alternate, heart-shaped to almost triangular bright green leaves. It has tuberous roots. They are grown for their small, delicate, pink flowers, which are usually borne in panicles at the tip of the shoots. The name Antigonon comes from Greek – anti, like; gonia, angle; in allusion to the growth habit of the stem which takes a series of rather sharp angles. It is a perennial that likes full sun and moist well drained soil.
	ASPARAGUS meyerii – Plume Asparagu A distinctive plant, producing long, cylindrical pale green growths. An interesting note - although Asparagus plants are frequently referred to as ferns, they belong to the lily family Most often used as a houseplant, Aparagus meyeriiis among the most elegant of indoor plants. As the common name suggests (another common name is Foxtail Fern) the foliage forms plumes on stiff stems, that may attain a length of 2 feet. Growth forms in stout clumps and springs from soil level in the centre of the pot and sprays out in all directions. Asparagus meyerii looks greenest when placed in partial shade. Plant it in well-drained soil. They grow better with ample water.
	AMARYLLIS Commonly called Amaryllis, the botanical name is Hippeastrum, which is a genus of bulbs with about 80 species. They are grown for their huge, funnel-shaped flowers. The stout, green leafless stem has a head of 2 to 6 flowers which come in a great variety of colors – red orange, pink, white – many are striped. Illustrated here is a white centered red flower. The plant has strap-shaped, semi erect leaves. They are native to the tropics and the sub-tropics. They like full sun or light dappled shade. They grow well in pots.
	ALCEA - HOLLYHOCK -No flowers are more characteristic of an old-fashioned garden than Hollyhocks - their botanical name is Alcea, sometimes referred to as Althaea, which is Greek, meaning a cure; in allusion to the use of some species in medicine. Originally grown in Ancient China, both as ornamental plants and for food, especially for the savory taste of its leaves. They were brought to England in the 16th century. Hollyhock has a genus of about 60 species. They are cultivated for their tall, slender inflorescenses of large stalkless funnel-shaped, 5 petaled, brightly colored flowers, which are sometimes double. The leaves are light green, rounded and roughly hairy. Grow in moderately fertile, well drained soil in full sun. They are attractive to butterflies and bees.
	AQUILEGIA- a genus of about 70 species, is commonly known as COLUMBINE. Their distinctly bell-shaped, spurred flowers, born singly on thin leafy stems, suggest birds in flight, and indeed, both the botanical and common names describe the resemblance of the flowers to birds. Aquilegia comes from the Latin, aguila meaning eagle - the spurs on the flower suggest the claws of the mighty bird of prey. Columbine comes from the Latin. columba meaning dove, which symbolizes innocence and gentleness. They have beautiful basal rosettes of finely divided leaves, known to be medicinal -" used in lotions with god success for sore mouths and throats" - Culpeper's Complete Herbal, 1813. Grow in fertile, moist, but well drained soil, in full sun or partial shade. BASAL - growing from or attached at the base. Basal leaves are leaves borne close to the ground
	ASCLEPIAS physocarpa Often called Gomphocarpus physcocarpus, this very unusual deciduous, erect, hairy sub-shrub has lance-shaped leaves and umbels* of 5-horned, creamy white flowers. The plant prefers full sun and grows to be 6 feet tall. The flowers are followed by large, pale green fruits which become inflated, globose seed pods. These are covered with soft bristles.The seed pods open, when ripe, to expose rows of seeds with silky white hairs, giving rise to the common name for this plant - Silkweed. The Greek name for these plants comes from Asclepias, who was the god of medicine.
	AZALEA- While AZALEA is the common name for this plant, the botanical name is RHODODENDRON. Rhododendrons are evergreen or deciduous flowering shrubs and are a very large group of approximately 800 species. One of the series of species includes plants called Azalea. The climate adaptation pattern for Azaleas is very different from that of Rhododendrons which require colder weather. Azaleas grow at Lakeside. They require an acid soil and a constant moisture supply. Their ideal garden location is filtered shade. The variety shown here is an evergreen Azalea which has individual pink, funnel-shaped flowers, that are 5 lobed and marked with deeper pink spots inside. The leaves are mid to dark green and elliptic in shape. During the growing season, remove the dead flowers as they occur. Prune by frequent pinching of tip growth if you wish a compact plant with maximum flower production.
	BEGONIA coccinea - Begonias are a huge genus of about 1,300 species. They have been divided into 7 groupings – the one shown is from the cane-stemmed group. It is commonly called Angel Wing Begonia. They are woody, fibrous-rooted, usually upright and evergreen. They have slender bamboo-like stems with regularly spaced nodes and broad, deeply toothed ovate leaves. The leaves of this variety are green on both sides with red margins. They are heavily marked with silver-white spots on the top side. Showy coral-red flowers are profusely borne in red-stacked pendent cymes. Grow begonias in fertile, well-drained, humus rich, neutral to slightly acidic soil in partial shade or in good light, but out of direct sun. Begonias are named for Michel Begon (1638-1710), Governor of French Canada and a patron of botany.
	BOUGAINVILLEA - Perhaps the handsomest and most widely planted tropical vine, Bougainvillea is a genus of 14 species. Some are shrubs and trees as well as thorny climbers. All are evergreen. They are grown for their tiny tubular flowers, each surrounded by 3 colorful, petal-like bracts* borne in large axillary and terminal clusters. The vine shown is double flowered. Grow in fertile, well drained soil in full sun. *BRACTS: actually modified leaves, borne at the base of individual flowers. The “petals” of Bougainvillea are showy, petal-like bracts, as are the “petals” that make up the blooms of a Poinsettia.
	BROMELIADS – The Pineapple family. Companions of orchids and aroids from the mountains and rainforests of Central and South America, Bromeliads are peculiar to the Western Hemisphere. They are a distinguished group of plants, dwelling as epiphytes on trees and rocks, or as terrestrials on the forest floors. Bromeliads are some of the most fascinating and decorative ornamentals. Painted Feather, Queen’s Tears, Flaming Sword, Painted Fingernail are buta few of the glamorous names given to these superlative plants. Their shape is usually in the form of a rosette of leathery, concave leaves, which form a natural watering cup. Their flowers may be hidden deep in the center or carried high on showy spikes, feathery racemes, or brush-like heads between highly colored bracts. Sometimes there are panicles of bright, long lasting berries and even bring forth a delicious fruit, such as the pineapple. Although the flower scapes are unusual and vivid, it is the unique foliage that is most attractive. Even without bloom, some Bromeliad plants are appealing because of the spectacular foliage coloring and varied markings of the leaves. As to their care – keep the natural cup full of water. Most like filtered light and good air circulation. They are surprisingly insect free.
	BRUGMANSIA – syn. Datura Brugmansia, commonly called “Angels’ Trumpets” is a genus of 5 species of evergreen shrubs. They are cultivated for their large, usually night scented, solitary, pendent flowers which have 5 reflexed pointed lobes. They have alternate, usually ovate, sometimes coarsely toothed leaves. All parts of the plants are highly toxic and poisonous if eaten. Shown is the aurea species whose flowers are golden yellow – other species have apricot, double white or rarely, pink flowers. Plant in wind-sheltered location in sun or partial shade.
	CALAMONDIN-X CITROFORTUNELLA microcarpa - "Calamondin" This small bushy tree has broadly ovate evergreeen leaves and bears small white, very fragrant flowers, that produce small, very bitter, spherical yellow-orange fruit. It is probably a hybrid of lime and kumquat.Popularly grown in pots or tubs for Christmas, the Calamondin is admirably suited for Lakeside patios and gardens all year round. Their tiny fruit, including the rind, makes great marmalade - recipe follows. CALAMONDIN MARMALADE-- 3 lbs Calamondins - separate pulp from skins and reserve pulp .Cover skins with Cold Water - cook until tender, drain and grind the skins coarsely. Cover pulp with 3 Cups Water and simmer for 30 minutes. Strain the pulp and add 3 Cups Water to the juice. Discard the pulp. Allow to each cup juice 3/4 Cup Sugar . Heat the juice and stir in the sugar until dissolved. Add the cut-up skins and cook until syrup jells (212°F).
	CANNA Canna, sometimes called Indian Shot, is a genus of about 50 species. They are grown for their large, elegantly tapered, alternative, paddle-shaped leaves normally in a range of fluid greens. Some varieties are grown purely for their colorful foliage – dark purple, burgundy, patterned bronze or finely striped red, copper or gold. The racemes of brightly colored, asymmetrical flowers, each having 3 petals joined into a tube at the base, 3 sepals and showy stamens, are like dancing flames in the garden – they are not suitable as cut flowers, whereas the leaves are widely used in floral arrangements. The flowers come in spectacular hues – intense reds and yellows to near pastel pinks and apricots, as well as whites and bi-colors splashed or speckled with contrasting tones.Cannas have tropical origins and are evergreen is warm climates. They require a rich, moist soil and enjoy sunny positions. The aquatic types flower luxuriously and star in water gardens and wet. places.
	CARISSA - Natal Plum Genus of about 20 species, Carissa is a fast growing, strong, upright, rounding shrub, native to South Africa. The photos shown are of the grandiflora variety, commonly called Natal Plum. It has lustrous, leathery dark green oval shaped leaves. Along the branches and at the end of each twig, are forked spines ideal to discourage trespassers. White flowers, almost as fragrant as star jasmine and of the same 5-petal star shape, appear throughout the year, followed by red, plum shaped fruit. Flowers, green and red fruit often appear together. The fruit is edible and varies in sweetness makes a good sauce or jam. Sub tropical, Carissa accepts a variety of soils and exposures, but they bloom and fruit best in full sun. They can be grown in containers.
	CLERODENDRUM thomsoniae - Bleeding Heart Vine CLERODENDRUM, a genus of about 400 species found in tropical and subtropical regions. The name comes from the Greek kleros meaning chance and dendron, a tree. We show here the thomsoniae variety. Commonly called Glory Bower Bleeding Heart vine.A twining evergreen climber with opposite, quilted, ovate deep green leaves. The flowers, are a study in color contrast - small (1in.) scarlet corollas (petals) are surrounded by large (3/4in.) inflated pure white calyx* - carried in 5in. wide clustersCan be grown in a pot. It needs rich, loose soil. Plenty of water with good drainage. Prune after flowering. When trained over a trellis or pergola it makes a beautiful show.
	COSMOS-Cosmos is a native of Mexico. It has a Greek name (derived from Kosmos, meaning beautiful.) This variety, Cosmos bipinnatus, has feathery green leaves and daisy-like flower heads in shades of red, pink or white with yellow centers. They like full sun and a well drained soil. Keeping the flowers cut and deadheading, will guarantee a long season of bloom. Cosmos make great cut flowers, especially is you put them in warm water first, then transfer them to cool water after a few minutes.
	Crape Myrtle" LAGERSTROMIA indica - "The common name for this handsome flowering tree or large shrub is Crape Myrtle. They grow to a height of 10 meters. Their small elliptic leaves fall annually. Conical panicles* of gorgeous clusters of frilled, though scentless flowers form at the branch tips. They come in pink, purple and sometimes white or red and really do resemble crepe-paper. From China originally, they are sub-tropical. They do best in the hottest or sunniest season. They prefer fertile, well-drained soil and full light.
	CRINUMS-The name of these these plants is CRINUM and comes from the Greek Krynon, a lily. They are a genus of robust bulbs, grown for their often fragrant, funnel-shaped flowers. Their place of origin is tropical Asia. We show three different species. Crinum asiaticum - "Spider Lily This species is a clump-forming bulb with strap-shaped leaves. Leafless flower stems produce delicate clusters of long-tubed, white, waxy flowers, with narrow pointed petals. The stamens are purple red. It is a fairly small, being about 30 - 45 cm (1 - 1 1/2 feet) tall. Crinum powellii - "Swamp Lily.This bulb produces leafless flower stems , amongst its strap-shaped leaves, that bear heads of fragrant, widely funnel-shaped pink flowers. The plant is of medium height - about 75 cm (2 1/2 feet) Crinum latifolium - "Giant Spider Lily" This large, handsome, bulbous plant, has numerous broad, strap-shaped leaves that reach 90-150 cm (3 to 5 feet) tall. The very fragrant clusters of flowers, on a 60-90cm (2-3 feet) leafless stem, are pinkish red with darker red stripes. Stamens are purple red.An interesting note - the leaf juices of this plant are used in India to alleviate ear-ache, and the bulbs, after roasting, are laid on the skin to ease rheumatic pain.
	CYNOGLOSSUM - FORGET-ME-NOT Actually this flower is a Chinese Forget-Me-Not. It's botanical name is Cynoglossum amible 'firmament'. Also known sometimes as Hound;'s Tongue, no doubt because the Greek word Kynos means a dog and Glossa, means a tongue. The lance shaped, hairy, grey-green leaves could remind one of a dog's tongue. Cultivated for their beautiful deep blue flowers, and their long flowering period.
	CYCLAMEN persicum There are some 20 species of Cyclamens, including the commonly available Cyclamen persicum or “florist’s cyclamen”. They are tuberous perennials, native to the Eastern Mediterranean. Their Greek name is Sowbread perhaps because the tubers are fed to swine in the South of France. Cultivars of C.persicum are grown mainly as flowering houseplants for the holiday season. Their attractive, sweet scented blooms are produced on tall, slender stems above the foliage. They range in color from pure white to bright red, including shades of pink, salmon, mauve and purple. The heart-shaped leaves are deep green often silver marbled above and purplish green beneath. Grow in moderately fertile, humus rich, well-drained soil, in bright filtered light.
	DAHLIA The Dahlia genus has about 30 species and some 20,000 cultivars of bushy, usually tuberous perennials from mountainous areas of Central American, particularly Mexico.They are grown for their flowerheads that come in a wide variety of forms. The blooms range in color from white to red, orange to yellow and pinks to dark purple, in various patterns. Their green leaves are pinnate* and divided into oval leaflets with toothed margins. They are proportionate in size to the blooms. Dahlia flowers are all good for garden display and cutting. Dwarf varieties can be grown in pots. Grow in humus-rich, well-drained soil, in full sun. At Lakeside they do best during the rainy season. * PINNATE: A compound leaf that has a main stem with pairs of smaller leaflets running along it in a featherlike fashion.
	DIZYGOTHECA elelgantissia / False Aralia One of the most attractive of the purely foliage plants, Dizygotheca elegantissima is an evergreen shrub, grown for its overall appearance, and particularly for its graceful leaves. It can grow to be 5 to 10 feet tall. The large, narrow fingered, lacy leaves, radiate from stiff upright stems and have 7 to 10 coarsely toothed lustrous grey-green leaflets. This plant has many common names – False Aralia. Spider Plant, Schefflera eleganttissia. It’s botanical name comes from the Greek Dis, twice; Zygos, a yoke; Theca, a case. The ‘twice’ reference probably comes from the fact that the anthers of these ornamental shrubs and trees have twice the normal number of cells This plant does very well in pots and is often used as a house plant. It prefers partial shade (never full sun) and fertile, well-drained soil.
	ENCYCLIA Citrina- This is a very unusual orchid - it looks like a tulip and smells like a lemon. It is native to Mexico At Lakeside it blooms in April and May. Often knows as Cattelya Citrina, this species prefers coolish weather. It is an epiphyite* and does best growing downwards attached to a piece of bark with some moss. The pseudobulbs* and thin leaves are greyish-green in color (unusual for an orchid). It has single (or occasionally two and three) pendent, very fragrant and long-lasting flowers. The blooms are lemon yellow with a deeper yellow centre and a white band on the margin. EPIPHYTE: a plant that grows on another plant but does not take water or nutrients from it. PSEUDOBULBS: a false bulb that is actually a thickened, bulblike stem that stores water. They rise from the plant's rhizome and usually are above ground. Pseudobulbs generally grow actively for one year, then persist on the plant as backbulbs.
	EUPHORBIA milii – Crown of Thorns Euphorbia is a very varied genus of about 2000 species. Pictured here is milii, a bushy, slow-growing, mainly evergreen, semi succulent shrub with fleshy, thorny stems. The common name for the plant is Crown of Thorns Bright green leaves are obovate, pointed and tough. Clusters of tiny yellow cyathia (flowers) are enclosed by 2 large petal-like, bright red bracts. They are borne in axillary cymes. Grow in porous soil, in full sun. Regular watering. Grows well in pots. `CYATHIA: this type of flower cluster is characteristic of euphorbia. It consists of a single female flower, surrounded by several male flowers that together resemble a single flower.`
	ERYTHRINA - Coral Tree A genus of over 100 species, Erythrina is found in tropical regions worldwide - it is native to Argentina. The species shown is crista-galli, commonly called Cockspur . Here at Lakeside, this small tree is often called Pico de Toucan, as the flowers resemble the Toucan bird's beak. Leathery leaves, including prickly stalks, have 3 triangular leaflets. The deep red, pea-like, 5 petaled flowers have a velvety texture and are borne in terminal racimes. The botanical name Erythrina comes from the Greek erythros, meaning red; and allusion to the color of the flower. The plants do best in moist, well drained soil in full sun. They are easily propagated by their distinguished seeds.
	EUCHARIS grandiflora - syn.E.amazonica -The common name for this flower is Amazon Lily. The Botanical name, Eucharis is a Greek word meaning pleasing, charming; from the beauty of the flowers of these bulbous plants. They are a genus of evergreen bulbs, grown for their fragrant, white flowers that resemble large white daffodils. Each flower has a cup with long protruding stamens and 6 spreading petals. The cluster of up to 6, slightly pendent flowers, emanates from a long leafless stem. The leaves of the plant are semi-erect, elliptic and deep green in color. This plant does well in pots and needs partial shade.
	EUSTOMA SYN. LISIANTHUS The common name for this very beautiful bell shaped Flower is Prairie Gentian or Texas Blue-Bell. The Botanical name, Eustoma grandiflorum comes from the Greek Eu meaning good and Stoma meaning a mouth or less literally translated - a pretty face. Clumps of grey-green foliage send up stems, topped by purple-blue, poppy-like, single or double flowers. The flowers also come in pink and white. Many furled buds are creamy white until they open, when they turn color. They make an excellent cut flower Grow in full sun and well drained soil.
	HEMEROCALLIS - Daylily, One of the most rewarding of garden flowers, is the Hemerocallis whose common name is Daylily. Its history has been rather pedestrian. They originated in China. In the sixteenth century they traveled the Silk Road to Europe and eventually Dutch settlers brought them to the New World. The Daylily's generic name, HEMEROCALLIS, comes from the Greek word hemera, "day" and kallos, which means "beauty". From 13 to 15 species have come 30,000 named cultivars. They are mostly clump forming with arching, strap-shaped dark green leaves. The flowers, in a variety of forms, from triangular, circular, double, star-shaped to spider-shaped, are borne on erect stems. Most last only one day. Many daylilies flower repeatedly during the season.The flowers range in color from almost white through yellow and orange to pink, red, dark purple and deepest red-black. They prefer full sun and well drained fertile soil. CULTIVAR: the term is a contraction of cultivated variety. Cultivars are any artificially raised, distinct variants of species, subspecies or hybrid plants. Denoted by a vernacular name.
	HYDRANGEA macrophyll The Hydrangea, has enormous old-fashioned appeal. They are sometimes named Hortensias. They are a genus of deciduous shrubs that were discovered in forests in North and South America and East Asia. The Hydrangea name was formed from the Greek hudor, meaning water, and angeion, meaning a vessel, because the flowers mature into cup-shaped fruits. Hydrangea macrophylla is grown mainly for its domed, mopheaded blossoms, which consist of masses of small flowers. Surrounded by oval, tooth-shaped, glossy green leaves, the flowers come in red, pink, blue, purple and white and may be persuaded to change colors. Grown in neutral or alkaline soils the flowers are red or pink. Blue or purple flowers are produced in acidic soil with a pH of up to 5.5. White flowers, however, are not effected by pH. They prefer sun or semi shade (requires more shade in dry areas) and fertile, moist but well-drained soil.
	JASMINUM sambac One of a genus of over 200 species, this Jasminum is commonly called Arabian Jasmine. A synonym is ‘Grand Duke of Tuscany’. It is an evergreen, twining climber with a bushy growth. It has lustrous, medium green leaves and bears small cymes* of 3-12 strongly scented double white flowers, 1”(2.5cm) across, that fade to pink. It flowers mainly in summer, but often irregularly throughout the year. Jasmine is an emblem of good luck and increase. Grow in well-drained, fertile soil, in full sun or partial shade. CYME: a type of flower cluster. The terminal flower opens first then flowers that are down the main stem, follow.
	IMPATIENS – Busy Lizzy- By some reports, Impatiens is the single biggest seller at North American garden centers and nurseries. Less than 75 years ago Impatiens was a rare tropical plant that no one had ever heard of. In the last 50 years hybridizers have greatly increased the color range. A native of Zanzibar, in tropical eastern Africa, they are a genus of about 850 species. All have brittle, fleshy, semi-transparent foliage. The species shown is walleriana. The flowers are asymmetrical, spurred, 5-petaled, in white, many shades of orange, pink, scarlet, red, crimson, violet, purple and lavender-blue – some are bi-colored. The flowers are followed by explosive seed capsules which explains their name – from the Latin, impatient, an illusion to the violent discharge of the seeds from the pods when ripe. Impatiens answer the frequently asked question “What can I plant that will bloom in the shade."
	KALANCHOE – blossfeldiana A genus of succulents, originally from Madagascar, has about 130 species. Shown here is the popular blossfeldiana variety.Its fleshy, oval shaped leaves are dark green edged in red, shiny and softly tooth-edged. Small tubular flowers, in big clusters are held on tough stems above the leaves. The flowers, originally only in scarlet red have been hybridized and now come in many different shades including yellow, orange, salmon and pure white. Kalanchoes do very well in pots, indoors or out. They like well drained, humus-rich soil and partial shade.
	LABURNUM – Golden Chain Tree This tree is not often found at Lakeside, and it is often mistaken for the Yellow Primavera (Cybistax). It is a genus of only 2 species of deciduous trees. Grown for their profuse, pendent, usually axillary racemes of pea-like yellow flowers, produced in Spring and early Summer at Lakeside. The leaves are alternate and 3-palmate. All parts of the tree are highly toxic if ingested. Laburnum is useful in a small garden or to form a magnificent pergola. Grow in fertile, well-drained soil in full sun.	KALANCHOE – blossfeldiana A genus of succulents, originally from Madagascar, has about 130 species. Shown here is the popular blossfeldiana variety.Its fleshy, oval shaped leaves are dark green edged in red, shiny and softly tooth-edged. Small tubular flowers, in big clusters are held on tough stems above the leaves. The flowers, originally only in scarlet red have been hybridized and now come in many different shades including yellow, orange, salmon and pure white. Kalanchoes do very well in pots, indoors or out. They like well drained, humus-rich soil and partial shade.
	LANTANA camara -Lantana, an evergreen shrub, has a genus of 150 species. Its name is Latin for Viburnum. They are grown for their small, 5-lobed, salverform*flowers, grouped tightly into rounded heads. The colors range from white to yellow, salmon-pink to red, often in combinations. The flower we show is called ‘Feston Rose’ The leaves are simple and toothed. Grow in fertile, moist but well drained soil, in full sun. SALVERFORM: a flower that has a slender tube at the base and an abruptly flaired and flattened face.
	LEUCANTHEMUM X superbum - "Shasta Daisy" Synonym - Chrysanthemum maximum A robust, clump-forming perrenial wth inversely, lance-shaped, toothed, dark green leaves. Bears solitary single, double, quilled or shaggy-flowered white flowerheads ith yellow centered disk florets. The varieties shown here are called "Snow Lady" with the single flowerhead and "Cobham Gold" with the double flowerhead. Shasta daisies like well-drained soils, sun and plenty of water. For prolonged bloom, deadhead often. They require occasional thinning.
	LILIUM This amazing family, Liliaceae, is one of the largest groups of flowering plants. The 80 or so species in the genus Lilium, are often called the true lilies. There are hundreds of cultivars and they are grown all over the world. They are bulbous perennials. The showy, often fragrant flowers have 6 petals, which are variably curved, giving rise to different shapes – bowl-shaped, recurved, trumpet-shaped and funnel-shaped. They come in most colors, except blue, and may be plain or strikingly marked with spots, lines or brushmarks. Lilies have three basic cultural requirements: deep, loose, well-drained soil; ample moisture year round – they never stop growing completely; coolness and shade at the roots and sun or filtered shade at the top where the flowers form. You can grow lilies in large containers. They make outstanding, long-lasting cut flowers. The Lily is deeply identified with the ancient goddesses of the Western world. In Rome, it was said hat the first lily sprang from the breast milk of the Great Goddess, Juno, empress of nature. In the Middle East, the lily was sacred to Astarte, the primal goddess of fertility.
	MAGNOLIA grandiflora Although the Magnolia genus has about 125 species, to gardeners in the Lake Chapala area, the Magnolia usually means the grandiflora species. Often called the Southern Magnolia, it is a dense, broadly conical, evergreen tree with leathery, glossy dark green leaves. The leaf underside is rust-colored and hairy. Magnolias are generally grown for their showy, solitary, fragrant flowers, this variety has large cup-shaped, white flowers, which age to a buff shade. The Magnolia is an ancient species, millions of years older than Homo Sapiens. The first to cultivate Magnolias were the Chinese, who love them for their beauty and who flavored soups with their buds. In China the Magnolia is an emblem of gentleness and feminine beauty. In the Victorian flower code, the Magnolia expressed dignity. In the American South, it is a tree of society. This species is a large tree growing to 80 feet, so careful consideration should be given to its placement. It needs sun or semi-shade and shelter from strong winds. Does best in moist, fertile and well-drained soil.
	MUSSAENDA erythrophylla ‘Queen Sirikit’ Mussaenda is a genus of about 100 species. The variety shown, ‘Queen Sirikit’, is from Thiland and the only one found in the Lakeside area. It is also fairly new to the area. It is a spreading bush, with roundish ovate, bright green, soft leaves and tiny (1cm) yellow star flowers. The delightfully tinted bracts, in profusion, are pale pink with crimson red margins. The bracts cover the bush almost entirely by their masses. Mussaenda needs to be watered frequently but likes well drained soil. They grow well in containers. Grow in full sun with some midday shade.
	NERIUM oleander Evergreen shrub or small tree, Nerium, commonly called Oleander, has a genus of 1 or 2 species. It is a classical Greek name. They are grown for their large terminal cymes of colorful, narrowly funnel-shaped flowers. Each flower has 5 broad spreading, angular petal lobes. Nerium oleander comes in many colors, white, yellow, apricot, pink, red, purple-red and lilac. Lance shaped, evergreen leaves, are narrow, leatheryand borne in opposite pairs of whorls* of 3 – the leaves are attractive in all seasons. The plant is not at all particular about soil – it withstands drought and poor drainage. It thrives inheat and strong light. All parts are toxic if eaten. * WHORL: three or more leaves, flowers, petals, arranged in a circle around a stem at the same node.
	OSTEOSPERMUM – African Daisy- This daisy, from the fields of South Africa, is one of some 70 species. Its leaves are small and fleshy with several points. Their daisy-like, distinctively colored (usually white, pink, purple or yellow) flower heads, make it one of the most desirable ‘African Daisies’- a name given to many.The center of the flowers have disk florets, in a contrasting dark color.Grow in light, moderately fertile, well-drained soil, in full sun. Deadhead regularly to prolong flowering. After flowering, clip plants to keep them compact and prune as required DISK FLORET – an individual flower, generally small and densely packed, in the center of a daisy-like inflorescence of a plant in the Aster family. (Asteraceae)
	PAPHIOPEDILUMS- Lady’s-Slipper These enormously popular tropical orchids are one of the easiest exotic orchids to grow. They bloom, at Lakeside, in October/November when the nights get cooler. The exotic, waxy flowers of the over 60 species and thousands of hybrids, commonly called Lady’s-Slippers, can last for months. The flowers run the gamut of colors, often with stripes, spots and ‘warts’. Their green leaves are sometimes mottled and are pretty even out of bloom. This orchid does not have pseudobulbs.The variety shown here is Paphiopedilum insigne is a native of the Himalayas. The Paphiopedilum name comes from Paphos which is a Mediterranean island with a temple devoted to Venus and Pedilum which is Greek for slipper, referring to the pouched slipper shape of the lip. They prefer small deep, well-drained pots with a semiterrestrail mix (such as fine bark and chopped sphagnum moss). They like cooler nights – 45 to 55 ° F, no direct sun and good ventilation.
	POLIANTHES tuberosa The common name for Polianthes is Tuberose. They are grown for their showy spikes of tubular, intensely fragrant, waxy-white flowers. The species shown is one of 13. It is the best known variety and is called “The Pearl”. It is native to Mexico - in Mexico it is called Nardos. The leaves are semi-erect, thin, linear-lance-shaped in a basal rosette. Polianthes plants require steady heat, sun or part shade.Basal Leaf: a leaf that grows from the lowest part of the stem.
	PLUMBAGO- Seen often in the Lake Chapala area, this popular semi evergreen flowering shrub's common name is Cape Leadwort. It is a native of South Africa. Its botanical name is PLUMBAGO and the variety shown here is auriculata. The name plumbago is derived from the Latin name plumbum, meaning lead - the plant has been used in the treatment of lead poisoning. The long-tubed flower clusters are azure blue, sometimes described as lead blue.The shrub can be trained as a vine. Grow in full light or semi shade. It tolerates poor soil and requires very little water.
	PLUMERIA - "Frangipani" Plumeria, often called Frangipani, is a genus of 7 or 8 species of deciduous or semi-evergreen shrubs and small trees. They have succulent stems and very thick, fleshy branches. The leathery pointed leaves are lance shaped and clustered near the branch tips. The variety shown here is rubra acutifolia, which has clusters of fragrant, yellow-eyed white flowers, each with 5 spreading petals and a tubular base. This variety is native to Mexico and its Mexican name is Flor de Mayo. Plumerias have a white poisonous sap. They require full sun and freely draining soil. They can be easily propagated by leafless stem-tipped cuttings.
	POINSETTIA- Although now included under the botanical name of EUPHORBIA pulcherrima, this plant will popularly remain POINSETTIA, indefinitely. It is a flowering shrub that is native to Mexico. In Mexico it is known as Flor de Noche Buena or Christmas Star or Mexican Flame Leaf. It got the Poinsettia name from Joel Poinsette, a botanist and diplomat who was the first American Ambassador to Mexico in 1824. What we think of as being the showy flowers are actually the terminal leaf shoots, that change color and form the bracts* that surround the actual tiny yellowish flowers. The red single form is the most familiar but they come in pink, white and marbled pink with white. In Mexico we most often see the double red bush, that we illustrate here. Once cut, a bitter milky-juiced spurge emits from the cut. To keep them from drooping, the stems must be sealed. First protect the flower (bracts) by wrapping it in wet newspaper. Then hold the stem in the gas flame of your stove, until the white juice starts to bubble and the stem blackens. Now put them in water. *a bract is a modified leaf at the base of the flower or flower head which in the case of the Poinsettia is large, brightly colored and petal like.
	PRIMULA/PRIMROSE A complex genus of about 425 species, divided into many botanical sections. The most horticulturally important species can be divided into 5 types - we show here the POLYANTHUS type. They have rosettes of broadly ovate leaves and umbels of up to 20 flowers. Plants come in many colors - yellow, pink, orange, blue, white. Primrose - the diminutive of Latin Primus, meaning first, suggesting that the flowers are first in Spring. A few pots of different colors gathered together make a wonderfully cheerful display. Primrose was the flower of imagination for many centuries. It is believed to be magical, healthful and useful as a beauty treatment. Ointment made from Primrose petals has been used as a wrinkle cream - this may be the reason it is said to stand for youth and hope. (Note from ChrisB- The Bach Flower Remedies, makes a cream called Rescue Remedy, very good for healing burns with no scars or for any severe skin irritation. Primrose is an ingredient in the cream.) Grow in partial shade, deep, humus rich, moist neutral to acidic loam or peaty soil. Tolerates full sun if soil remains moist at all times.
	PUNICA granatum (POMEGRANATE) Originally known to the Romans as Punica "the apple from Carthage" (Malus punica) later became known as "the apple full of grains" (Pomum grantum). Now the modern botanical name, Punica granatum incorporates both elements. This upright rounded shrub or tree is a native of Persia. It has oblong, glossy bright green leaves and bears funnel-shaped, 5 petaled bright orange-red flowers, followed by yellow to orange red fruit. Photo shows the dwarf variety known as nana. It is a compact, rounded shrub that bears fruit very freely. The plant needs a sheltered, sunny position and well drained soil.
	PYROSTEGIA venusta This very popular Lakeside vine is commonly called “Flame Vine”. It’s botanical name is from the Greek pyr, meaning fire and stegia, a roof (from the color and form of the upperlip of the flowers). It is a woody, very vigorous, high climbing (by tendrils) vine. It has evergreen leaves and bears a profusion of orange, slender-tubed, waxy flowers in heavy, terminal clusters. Best grown in full sun and can be gorgeous if grown over a pergola or arch or allowed to cascade from a tree.
	SELENCEREUS This is a genus of approximately 20 species of scandent or semi-pendent climbing perennial cacti. They bear large, trumpet-shaped, strangely scented, mainly nocturnal flowers. The name comes from the Greek selene meaning the moon and cereus, meaning waxy. They can be grown in containers – they require support for their climbing stems. They are fast growing but do not flower well until mature. The species illustrated is Selencereus grandiflorus commonly called Queen-of-the-Night. It has very fragrant glorious white flowers with spreading, pale yellowish brown outer segments. The flowers are nocturnal and last only one night. They need sun or partial shade and rich, well-drained soil. Propagate easily with stem cuttings.
	SCHLUMBERGER – Holiday Cactus A genus of about 6 species of bushy epiphytic cacti. There is no doubt that this is one of the most popular cacti. Sometimes it is not considered a ‘true’ cactus, but it is a cactus – one of the jungle or tropical rain forest types. The one shown is spectabilis* and comes from Brazil. Cultivated for its attractive bright red, open trumpet-shaped, backward -curling petaled flowers. he many fleshy, green segments joined end to end, are true stems (there are no leaves) and the whole plant forms a densely branched bush. The plant should be frequently fertilized and never should be allowed to dry out. Requires partial shade. Protect from excessive rain and shelter from strong winds. It is easy to propagate with cuttings of stem sections. * Epiphytic: a plant that grows on another plant for support, but does not take water or nutrients from it.
	STRELITZIA - Bird of Paradise. This is a genus of about 5 species of clump-forming, evergreen perennials that originated in South Africa. They have large, long-stalked, mostly oblong leaves with woody bases forming a "trunk" that may reach 30 feet tall. Their exotic inflorescences consist of waxy, stiff, boat-shaped spathes, from the top of which, crest-like flowers arise sequentially. The variety shown here, Sprelitzia reginae, commonly called Bird of Paradise or Crane Flower has oblong, lance-shaped leaf blades. They bear purple and orange-flushed green spathes and flowers with orange calyces and blue corollas. Plant in full sun or partial shade. The cut flower last a long time. They can be very interesting dried flowers.
	TAGETES- Marigold-This flower, whose common English name is Marigold, is know in Mexico as Zempazuchitl, better known as Flor de Muerto - Why? The flowers were sacred to the Aztecs. It is said that after the conquest of Cortez, the Aztecs regarded the red splotches on the golden blossoms of a bi-colored species, as a symbol of the Indian blood that was spilled on the gold, stolen by the Spanish Conquistadors - the flower came to symbolize sorrow and pain. In Mexico on the Day of the Dead , November 2nd, we see thousands of Marigolds which are being used to decorate Mexican graves and Dia de Muertos altars - a unique Mexican custom. Tagetes are a genus of about 50 species. They have almost fern-like leaves and single daisy-like or carnation-like double flower heads. The flowers come in reddish brown, yellow, orange or bi-colored. All species are good in containers and provide long lasting cut flowers. Grow in moderately fertile, well-drained soil in full sun. Deadhead to prolong flowering.
	THUNBERGIA -This vine, which is so prevalent in the Lake Chapala area, is commonly called the Blue Trumpet Vine. Its botanical name is Thunbergia grandiflora. It is a vigorous, woody-stemmed, evergreen, twining climber. It bears trumpet-shaped, pale to deep violet-blue flowers that have pale yellow throats. It is native to Northern India.It likes well drained soil and full sun to light shade. Water freely.
	Tropaeolum majuss - The common name for this flower is Nasturtium but it is sometimes known as Indian Cress. To a botanist its name is Tropaeolum majus. This name comes from the Greek tropaion, meaning trophy. Quick growing, pretty, somewhat succulent , it is an annual herb. Normally it has a low, spreading growth pattern, but it can be trained to climb. Spurred, trumpet-shaped flowers come in red, orange, and yellow. Both flowers and leaves are edible and have a peppery flavor that will spice up your salads. Their edible seeds can be pickled and used as a substitute for capers or ground for a sharp sauce like mustard.
	ZINNIA- The Zinnia, a native of Mexico, grown by the Aztecs, is one of our long time favorites. The single variety was called 'youth-and-old-age' during the 19th century. When the first double varieties, Zinnia elegans, arrived, at the turn of the century, they were hailed as new plants and compared with dahlias. Zinnias are cultivated for their solitary, long stemmed flower heads. They come in a wide variety of brilliant colors, some with contrasting eyes. Many strains are available, from dwarf, mini to very large. They were named after the 18th century Botany Professor Zinn. They make a wonderfully colorful addition to any garden and they are very long lasting cut flowers.

ASPARAGUS meyerii – Plume Asparagu A distinctive plant, producing long, cylindrical pale green growths. An interesting note - although Asparagus plants are frequently referred to as ferns, they belong to the lily family Most often used as a houseplant,